Ezinye ii-petrochemical catalysts
Ezinye ii-petrochemical catalysts
I-Hydration yintshukumo apho amanzi edibana nenye into ukuze enze i-molecule enye.Iimolekyuli zamanzi kunye ne-hydrogen kunye ne-hydroxyl kunye neemolekyuli zezinto eziphathekayo ze-unsaturated bond ukongeza ukwenza iikhompawundi ezintsha, kule nkqubo idlala indima ye-catalytic kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-hydration catalyst, le ndlela yokudibanisa isetyenziswe kwimveliso yeekhemikhali eziphilayo.Inkqubo ye-Hydration yenye yeendlela ze-organic synthesis, kodwa njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuvelisa, inqunyelwe kwiintlobo ezimbalwa zeemveliso, ezifana ne-ethanol kunye ne-diols.
Ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kunokwenziwa ngokufudumeza okanye i-catalyst okanye ngokusabela nge-agent ekhupha amanzi.Ukusabela kokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni yinkqubo yerevers ye-hydration reaction, idla ngokuba yi-endothermic reaction, ngokuqhelekileyo, ubushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi lukhuthaza ukusabela.Ukongezelela, ininzi yenkqubo yokuchithwa kwamanzi kufuneka iqhutywe phambi kwee-catalysts.I-catalyst esetyenziselwa inkqubo ye-hydration - i-acid catalyst nayo ifanelekile kwi-dehydration, isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-sulfuric acid, i-phosphoric acid, i-aluminium oxide njalo njalo.Ii-catalysts ezahlukeneyo zineemveliso eziphambili ezahlukeneyo kunye nokukhetha okuphezulu.
I-alkylation kukudluliselwa kweqela le-alkyl ukusuka kwi-molecule ukuya kwenye.Ukusabela apho iqela le-alkyl (methyl, ethyl, njl.) lingeniswa kwi-molecule edibeneyo.Iiarhente zealkylation eziqhele ukusetyenziswa kushishino yi olefin, halane, alkyl sulfate ester, njl.
Kwinkqubo yokucoca okusemgangathweni, inkqubo ye-alkylation idibanisa i-alkenes ephantsi ye-molecular weight (ikakhulukazi i-propylene kunye ne-butene) kunye ne-isobutane usebenzisa i-catalyst (i-sulfonic okanye i-hydrofluoric acid) ukwenza i-alkylates (ikakhulukazi i-octanes ephezulu, i-alkanes esecaleni).Iimpendulo ze-alkylation zinokwahlulwa zibe yi-alkylation ye-thermal kunye ne-catalytic alkylation.Ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu bokusabela kwe-alkylation ye-thermal, kulula ukuvelisa i-pyrolysis kunye nezinye iimpendulo zecala, ngoko ke indlela ye-catalytic alkylation yamkelwa kwishishini.
Ngenxa yokuba iasidi yesulfuric kunye ne-hydrofluoric acid zineasidi eyomeleleyo, ukubola kwezixhobo kubi kakhulu.Ngoko ke, kumbono wemveliso ekhuselekileyo kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo, ezi zimbini ezi zixhobo azikho izinto ezifanelekileyo.Okwangoku, i-superacid eqinileyo isetyenziswa njenge-alkylation catalyst, kodwa ayifikanga kwinqanaba lokusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Ukuguqulwa kwe-isomer enye kwenye.Inkqubo yokutshintsha isakhiwo sekhompawundi ngaphandle kokutshintsha ukubunjwa kwayo okanye ubunzima bemolekyuli.Utshintsho kwindawo yeathomu okanye yeqela kwi-organic compound molekyuli.Ngokuqhelekileyo phambi kwee-catalysts.
Olunye uhlobo lwehydrocarbon lunokutshintshwa lube ziindidi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zehydrocarbon ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokungalingani, ngoko ke ukungalingani yenye yeendlela ezibalulekileyo zokulawula unikezelo kunye nemfuno yehydrocarbon kushishino.Ezona zicelo zibaluleke kakhulu kukungalingani kwe-toluene ukunyusa imveliso yexylene kunye nokuvelisa ubunyulu obuphezulu bebenzene ngaxeshanye, kunye nepropylene disproportionation ukuvelisa iinkqubo ze-triolefin ze-polymer-grade ethylene kunye ne-butene ecocekileyo.Ukuguqulwa kwe-toluene kwi-benzene kunye nexylene ngokuqhelekileyo kusebenzisa i-silicon aluminium catalyst.Okwangoku, olona phando ludumileyo yi-molecular sieve catalyst, efana ne-meridionite-type silk molecular sieve.
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