Ezona mveliso ziphezulu liqela elingaqhelekanga.Nje ukuba ukuveliswa komlambo kuthintelwe, abaphakathi, iifektri ezisezantsi, kwaye nabathengi baya kuthi "balale kwimipu yabo"!Kanye njengetsheyini leshishini lezithuthi zamandla amatsha ashushu, ukunqongophala kwezixhobo ze-lithium zebhetri kuzise imiceli mngeni emikhulu ekuvelisweni kweebhetri zamandla, ezithe zabamba intamo yeshishini elitsha lezithuthi zamandla.Ukuba kukuqhuba nje kwelongitudinal, kulungile!Okumangalisayo kukuba, izinto ezithengiswayo zinokukhawulelana.Ngokomzekelo, ukususela kulo nyaka, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso epetroli eBrazil kuye kwaba nempembelelo ephawulekayo kumaxabiso eswekile!
1. INgcaciso yoThutho lweMpembelelo yeXabiso le-Oli eKrwada kwiXabiso leSwekile
Izinto zeswekile (iswekile/ibhiti) zingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa zombini iswekile kunye ne-ethanol, kwaye i-ethanol isetyenziswa ikakhulu kumxube wepetroli.Ngokukhuthazwa kwe-ethanol kumazwe avelisa iswekile kwihlabathi jikelele, umlinganiselo we-ethanol evela kummoba unyuke kakhulu.Njengoko "inkosi yeemveliso", ukuguquguquka kwexabiso leoli ekrwada kuya kuchaphazela ixabiso lepetroli, ngaloo ndlela lidlulisela kwixabiso le-ethanol, kwaye ekugqibeleni lichaphazele ixabiso leswekile.Kwixesha elizayo, ixabiso leemveliso zezolimo liya kuhambelana ngokusondeleyo nexabiso leoli ekrwada.
Ingqiqo yempembelelo yexabiso leoli ekrwada kwixabiso leswekile:
1) Njengomsinga onyukayo, ixabiso lepetroli esulungekileyo lixhomekeke kwi-oyile ekrwada.
2) Ngokufanayo nendlela yokubeka amaxabiso e-oyile yasekhaya, ixabiso lepetroli lasekhaya laseBrazil limiselwa yiPetrobras ngokusekwe kumyinge olinganisiweyo wamaxabiso e-oyile ekrwada yase-US (WTI), i-oyile ekrwada yase-Brent (BRENT) kunye ne-US unleaded petroli (RBOB).
3) EBrazil, kwicala lokuvelisa, inkqubo yokucinezela umoba uninzi lwee-sugar mill inokulungelelanisa umlinganiselo wemveliso ye-ethanol kunye noshukela.Ngokombono wamandla eefektri zesizwe zeswekile, uluhlu lohlengahlengiso lomlinganiselo wabo wokuvelisa iswekile malunga ne-34% - 50%.Ulungelelwaniso luxhomekeke ikakhulu kumahluko wexabiso phakathi kweswekile kunye ne-ethanol - xa ixabiso leswekile liphezulu kakhulu kune-ethanol, iifektri zeswekile zaseBrazil ziya kwandisa ukuveliswa kweshukela;Xa ixabiso leswekile lisondele kwi-ethanol, i-sugar mills iya kuvelisa i-ethanol eninzi ngangokunokwenzeka;Xa amaxabiso ezi zimbini zisondele, kuba uninzi lweentengiso ze-ethanol ziseBrazil, iifektri zeswekile zinokurhoxisa imali ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa isibini kwisithathu semveliso yeswekile sisetyenziselwa ukuthengisa ngaphandle, kwaye isantya sokuqokelela intlawulo siya kucotha.Ke ngoko, xa zininzi iifektri zeswekile kwilizwekazi, kokukhona zithanda ukuvelisa i-ethanol.Ekugqibeleni, eBrazil, ukulungiswa kwe-1% yemveliso yeswekile kuya kuchaphazela i-75-80 yezigidi zeetoni zeefektri zeswekile.Ngoko ke, phantsi kweemeko ezimaxongo, imizi-mveliso yeswekile inokulungelelanisa imveliso yeswekile yeetoni ezizizigidi ezili-11-12 ngaphandle kokutshintsha isivuno somoba, yaye oku kutshintsha komlinganiselo ulingana nemveliso yeswekile yaseTshayina ngonyaka.Ingabonwa ukuba imveliso ye-ethanol yaseBrazil inefuthe elikhulu kubonelelo lweswekile yehlabathi kunye nemfuno.
4) EBrazil, i-ethanol epheleleyo ixutywe ngepetroli esulungekileyo (ipetroli A) ukuze yenze i-petroli C (27%);Ukongezelela, kwisikhululo segesi, abathengi banokukhetha ngokuguquguqukayo ukufaka i-petroli yohlobo lwe-C okanye i-ethanol ye-hydrous kwi-tank yamafutha, kwaye ukhetho lusekelwe ikakhulu kuqoqosho lwezo zombini - ixabiso le-calorific ye-ethanol malunga ne-0.7 ye-petroli.Ngoko ke, xa ixabiso lexabiso le-ethanol ye-hydrous ukuya kwi-C-type petroli lingaphantsi kwe-0.7, abathengi baya kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-ethanol kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli;ngokubhidana
I-5) Ukongeza kwiBrazil, i-Indiya, i-European Union kunye namanye amazwe nawo akhuthaza ukuveliswa kwe-ethanol.EUnited States, njengelona lizwe livelisa i-ethanol enkulu ehlabathini, izinto ezisetyenziswayo zixhomekeke kumbona, kodwa ixabiso le-ethanol yombona eUnited States likwachatshazelwa ngamaxabiso ombane.Ekugqibeleni, kukho urhwebo phakathi kweUnited States ye-ethanol yombona kunye ne-ethanol yommoba yaseBrazil.I-ethanol yaseMelika inokuthunyelwa eBrazil, kwaye i-ethanol yaseBrazil nayo ingathunyelwa eUnited States.Indlela yokungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle ixhomekeke kumahluko wexabiso phakathi kwezi zimbini.
Ukungabikho kokuchasana okutsha okusisiseko, ubuthathaka obukhoyo bentengiso yeswekile yexesha elifutshane bunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuhla kwamaxabiso eoli.Xa ixabiso le-oyile ekrwada lizinza, iimarike zeswekile zasekhaya nezangaphandle kulindeleke ukuba ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde zibekho kwakhona.
2. Imigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe amakhulu avelisayo iyaguquka, kwaye umxholo wentengiso yeswekile "untsha"
"Ngokweendawo ezishushu zamva nje kwiimarike zeswekile zasekhaya nezangaphandle, uninzi lwazo zinxulumene nawona mazwe avelisayo."Umrhwebi weswekile eNanning, eGuangnan, uxelele iintatheli ukuba ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela abhengeze ukuvalwa okanye izithintelo ekuthengiseni iswekile kumazwe angaphandle, apho amazwe avelisa iswekile kunye namazwe angaphandle eBrazil naseIndiya anempembelelo enkulu kwintengiso. , ilandelwa yiPakistan, Thailand, Indonesia kunye namanye amazwe.
Kuyaqondwa ukuba phakathi kwamazwe angentla avelisa iswekile, iIndiya inesixa esipheleleyo sokuthunyelwa kweswekile kumazwe angaphandle.Isizathu esinikiweyo kukuqinisekisa uzinzo kunikezelo lwangaphakathi kunye nokuthintela amaxabiso eswekile ukuba anyuke.Ngokufanayo neIndiya, iPakistan izama ukunciphisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kwayo kwangaphakathi.Nangona kunjalo, iPakistan yenza iinzame ezinkulu kuneIndiya, kwaye yabhengeza ngokuthe ngqo ukuvalwa okubanzi kokuthunyelwa kweswekile kumazwe angaphandle ekuqaleni kukaMeyi.Ngokwembono yeBrazil, ibaluleke ngakumbi.Njengelona lizwe likhulu livelisa iswekile, inefuthe elibalulekileyo kunikezelo lweswekile kwihlabathi.Okwangoku, ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yamaxabiso e-oyile ekrwada kumazwe ngamazwe, iifektri zeswekile zaseBrazil ziyathandabuza ukuvelisa iswekile eninzi, nangona amaxabiso eswekile nawo enyuke kakhulu.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho iindaba zokuba irhafu yamafutha eBrazil iya kukhokelela ekwehleni kwamaxabiso eswekile.Imarike yangoku inika ingqwalasela kwinkqubela phambili yomthetho oyilwayo.Kuyaqondwa ukuba i-bill yaseBrazil (idrafti) kungenzeka ukuba icuthe irhafu yamafutha, ngakumbi i-petroli, enokuthi ikhokelele kwiifektri zeswekile ukusuka kwimveliso ye-ethanol ukuya kwimveliso yeswekile, kwaye ekugqibeleni yehlise ixabiso leswekile yehlabathi.
Okwangoku, urhulumente waseBrazil uphakamisa umthetho wokunciphisa irhafu ye-ICMS ye-fuel kwi-17%.Njengoko irhafu ye-ICMS yangoku kwipetroli iphezulu kune-ethanol, kwaye ingaphezulu kwe-17%, i-bill iya kukhokelela ekwehleni kwamaxabiso epetroli.Ukuze uhlale ukhuphisana, i-ethanol nayo kufuneka ithotywe kwixabiso.Kwixesha elizayo, ukuba ixabiso le-ethanol liyehla, ezo mizi-mveliso ezinokuguquguquka ukuvelisa i-ethanol eninzi okanye iswekile engaphezulu ngokwexabiso lemarike inokuguqukela kwimveliso yeswekile, ngaloo ndlela inyusa unikezelo lwehlabathi.Iingcali zathi kwintengiso yepetroli yaseSao Paulo, umthetho omtsha unokunciphisa ukukhuphisana kwe-ethanol xa kuthelekiswa nepetroli nge-8 pesenti, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuba amaxabiso e-biofuel akhuphisane.
Kwakhona kuyaqondwa ukuba iVietnam iya kuluhlehlisa uphando oluchasayo lokulahla ishukela ecocekileyo evela kubamelwane be-ASEAN (i-Indonesia, iMalaysia, iCambodia, iLaos neMyanmar) ukuya kwi-21 kaJulayi, iinyanga ezimbini emva komhla wokugqibela kaMeyi 21. Ukongeza, i-Indonesian urhulumente wandise ukukhutshwa kweemvume ezikhethekileyo kwiindawo zokuhluza zasekhaya kunye nemizi-mveliso yeswekile.IVietnam yenye yezona zinto zinkulu zingenisa iswekile esulungekileyo eAsia.Ukusukela oko urhulumente wabhengeza ukunyanzeliswa kwe-47.64% yerhafu kwiswekile esulungekileyo engeniswe evela eThailand, ukungeniswa kwayo kweswekile ecokisiweyo evela eIndonesia kuye kwanda.Emva kokuba iThailand ibeke imirhumo ephezulu yokungeniswa kweswekile, iswekile eyongezelelekileyo evela eIndonesia, eMalaysia, eKhambodiya, eLaos naseMyanmar yangena eVietnam.
3. Ingxabano phakathi kwepetroli kunye nexabiso leswekile
Ipetroli icokiswa kwi-oyile ekrwada.Ixabiso lepetroli ethengiswa yiPetrobras kubahambisi bempahla isekelwe kwixabiso lexabiso lepetroli eliphuma kumazwe angaphandle, elenziwe lixabiso lamazwe ngamazwe lepetroli kunye nexabiso elinokuthi lithwale umrhwebi.Xa ixabiso lepetroli lasekhaya eBrazil litenxa kwixabiso le-oyile lamazwe ngamazwe ukuya kumlinganiselo othile, iPetrobras iya kulungelelanisa ixabiso layo lasekhaya le-petroli ex yefektri.Ngoko ke, ixabiso le-oyile ekrwada kumazwe ngamazwe liya kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amaxabiso asisiseko ePetrobras (ixabiso le-Category A petroli).
Ukususela kulo nyaka, echatshazelwa yimeko yaseRashiya naseUkraine, ixabiso leoli ekrwada linyuke kakhulu.Ngomhla we-11 kuMatshi, iPetrobras inyuse ixabiso lepetroli nge-18.8%.Isixa esikhulu sedatha yophando kwimarike ibonisa ukuba izithuthi zamafutha eziguquguqukayo zinokusebenzisa i-petroli C okanye i-hydrous ethanol njengomthombo wamandla.Abanini beemoto badla ngokukhetha amafutha asekelwe kumlinganiselo wexabiso le-ethanol/petroli.I-70% ngumgca wokuhlula.Ngaphezulu komgca wokuhlula, bakhetha ukusebenzisa i-petroli, ngaphandle koko bakhetha i-ethanol.Olu khetho lwabathengi luya kuhanjiswa ngokwendalo kubavelisi.Kwimizi-mveliso yokulungisa ummoba, ukuba ixabiso leoli ekrwada ehlabathini lonke liyenyuka, ziya kubeka phambili ukuveliswa kwe-ethanol kuneswekile.
Isishwankathelo esinye sesivakalisi: ixabiso leoli liyenyuka - ixabiso lepetroli lanyuka eBrazil - ukusetyenziswa kwe-ethanol kunyukile - ukuveliswa kweswekile kwehlile - ixabiso leswekile liyenyuka.
Njengomvelisi omkhulu wehlabathi kunye nomthengisi weswekile kumazwe angaphandle, indawo yaseBrazil kwimarike yeswekile yehlabathi ibonakala kumntu wonke.Nangona imveliso yeswekile yaseBrazil iphezulu, inqanaba lokusetyenziswa kwayo ekhaya lingaphantsi kwe-30% yemveliso.Ukuthengisa kwayo kumazwe angaphandle kubalela ngaphezulu kwe-70% yemveliso yeswekile yelizwe, kunye ne-40% yokuthengisa kumazwe angaphandle kwihlabathi.Nangona kunjalo, into engaqhelekanga kukuba, ngokungafaniyo noninzi lwengqiqo emisela ukunyuka kunye nokuhla kweemveliso, ukubonelela kunye nobudlelwane bemfuno yamaxabiso eswekile alubonakalisi ngokwenene utshintsho kumaxabiso eswekile yehlabathi.Izinto ezibandakanyekileyo zintsonkothe ngakumbi.Ngokubanzi, inxulumene nokuxinana okugqithisileyo kwemveliso yeswekile yehlabathi kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle.Ke ngoko, ukuba ufuna ukwazi intsingiselo yexabiso leswekile, kufuneka uyijonge ngokudityaniswa neBrazil, oyena mvelisi weswekile uphambili.
I-CICC yenze isigqibo esimele: kwindlela yokubeka amaxabiso eswekile yehlabathi, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwixabiso leswekile yaseBrazil ilele kwicala lokubonelela, hayi kwicala lemfuno.Ngokwembono yeziseko zasekhaya, ukusetyenziswa kwasekhaya eBrazil kuzinzile kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwaye umthamo wokubonelela uphezulu kakhulu kunokusetyenziswa kwemfuno.Ke ngoko, kunikezelo lwexesha elide kunye negophe lemfuno, utshintsho oluncinci kwicala lonikezelo sisitshixo sokumisela ixabiso leswekile yaseBrazil, kwaye eyona nto iphambili echaphazela ixabiso leswekile lamazwe ngamazwe.Ngokwexabiso leswekile yamazwe ngamazwe, phantsi kokulindela isivuno esikhulu saseBrazil, ngokutsho kwe-USDA, imveliso yeswekile yehlabathi kwi-2022/23 nayo iya kunyuka nge-0.94% ngonyaka ukuya kwi-183 yezigidi zeetoni, ikwimeko yokugqithiswa.
Ngamanye amazwi, ngokubhekisele kwimeko yangoku, akusayi kubakho kunqongophala kokutya.Kwimarike yeswekile yangoku, kukho ukuchasana phakathi kokunyuka kwemveliso kumazwe avelisayo kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso amandla.Nangona kunjalo, ekuhambeni kwexesha, utshintsho olusisiseko oluziswe lixabiso le-oyile ekrwada liya kuba nempembelelo enkulu kakhulu kwixabiso leswekile.Ngenzuzo yezinye izinto ezinkulu, iswekile ekrwada yexesha elide kulindeleke ukuba iqhubeke ikhula ngamandla kunye nexabiso leoli.
JinDun Chemicaluzibophelele kuphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-acrylate monomers ezikhethekileyo kunye neekhemikhali ezilungileyo ezikhethekileyo eziqulethe i-fluorine.JinDun Chemical inezityalo ze-OEM zokucwangcisa e-Jiangsu, e-Anhui nakwezinye iindawo eziye zasebenzisana kangangamashumi eminyaka, zibonelela ngenkxaso eqinile ngakumbi kwiinkonzo zokuvelisa ezikhethekileyo zeekhemikhali ezikhethekileyo.JinDun I-Chemical igxininisa ekudaleni iqela elinamaphupha, ukwenza iimveliso ngesidima, ukucokiseka, ukuqina, kwaye uphume wonke ube liqabane elithembekileyo kunye nomhlobo wabathengi!Zama ukwenzaizixhobo ezintsha zeekhemikhaliukuzisa ikamva elingcono kwihlabathi!
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-22-2022